<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> 3%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> 35%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> 57%
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 8,400 sq km (1989 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified—Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; nearly 90% of the population is concentrated in the region near the US/Canada border